Criminology and Penology Online Test on Introduction to Criminology Theories

Which of the following principles is central to classical criminology?

Individuals commit crimes due to biological factors outside their controlPeople act with free will and rational choice when committing crimesCrimes are a result of social inequality and lack of opportunityCrime is inevitable in societies undergoing rapid economic change

What is the main focus of positivist criminology?

Exploring how social institutions encourage criminal behaviorStudying crime through empirical and scientific methods to determine its causesArguing that criminal behavior is a rational choice made by individualsEmphasizing the importance of rehabilitation over punishment

According to strain theory, what drives individuals to commit crimes?

An inherent predisposition toward devianceA breakdown in social norms and valuesThe inability to achieve socially accepted goals through legitimate meansThe influence of peers and social groups

Which of the following best describes the core idea of social learning theory in criminology?

Crime is a product of genetic inheritanceCriminal behavior is learned through interactions with othersCrime occurs when individuals experience social strainCriminals are born, not made

How does control theory explain the absence of criminal behavior in individuals?

Criminal behavior is deterred by fear of punishmentSocial bonds and attachments prevent individuals from engaging in criminal actsPeople are genetically predisposed to avoid criminal behaviorEconomic prosperity reduces the need for crime

What is the primary focus of labeling theory in understanding crime?

The biological traits that influence criminal behaviorThe social response to crime and how labeling individuals as 'criminals' can reinforce deviant behaviorThe economic conditions that drive people to commit crimeThe role of personality disorders in criminal activity

According to rational choice theory, what motivates individuals to commit crimes?

They are biologically inclined to devianceThey make calculated decisions where the perceived benefits outweigh the risksThey are driven by unconscious psychological forcesThey act impulsively without considering the consequences

What is the primary focus of feminist criminology?

The relationship between mental illness and crimeThe role of gender and power in shaping crime and criminal justice responsesThe biological differences between male and female offendersThe economic inequalities that lead to crime

According to conflict theory, what is the root cause of crime?

Biological predisposition toward aggressionThe unequal distribution of power and resources in societyPsychological trauma during childhoodA lack of self-control

What is the focus of cultural criminology?

Understanding how cultural norms and values influence laws and criminal behaviorStudying the biological basis of crimeExamining how economic factors drive criminal behaviorAnalyzing the role of the media in shaping public perceptions of crime

What do subcultural theories of crime emphasize?

Crime is the result of individual psychological disordersCrime is a response to the values of specific subcultures that differ from mainstream societyCrime is caused by the lack of economic opportunityCrime is inevitable in industrialized societies

Which of the following best describes routine activities theory in criminology?

Crime occurs when individuals experience strain from blocked opportunitiesCrime is more likely to occur when a motivated offender, a suitable target, and the absence of capable guardians convergeCrime is the result of socialization within deviant groupsCrime occurs randomly and cannot be predicted

Which of the following is a key criticism of biological theories of crime?

They overemphasize the role of free will in criminal behaviorThey neglect the influence of social and environmental factors on crimeThey ignore the influence of genetics on criminal behaviorThey argue that crime is purely a social construct

According to anomie theory, how does social strain contribute to criminal behavior?

It causes individuals to reject societal norms and pursue deviant goalsIt leads individuals to become more conformistIt increases individuals' self-controlIt prevents individuals from engaging in crime

According to differential association theory, what determines whether an individual engages in criminal behavior?

The individual's economic backgroundThe frequency, duration, and intensity of interactions with deviant peersThe individual's innate biological traitsThe individual's level of self-control